Egypt

Overview of Egypt

Egypt is synonymous with Pharaohs, pyramids, temples and antiquities. Through this ancient and arid land flows the Nile, a mighty river which has shaped civilizations for centuries. Egypt lays claim to being the oldest tourist destination on earth. Greek and Roman travellers arrived as far back as 430 BC to marvel at some of the very sights that make it a beloved tourist destination today. The magnificence of the painted Valley of the Kings, exquisite temples, and the pyramids were all sought-after objects of admiration in these long-gone days, and many were already 2,500 years old.

With desert landscapes, rugged mountains that reach to the sea, dusty cities full of exotic sounds and smells, and green strips of agricultural land snaking along the banks of the Nile, Egypt has something to offer travellers from all walks of life. There is spectacular diving in the Red Sea resorts. Unique desert experiences await, whether on the back of a camel to Mount Sinai or on a jeep safari to the inner oases. The colour and chaos of Cairo is prevalent in its markets and bazaars such as Khan al Khalili. In stark contrast are the tranquil felucca cruises on the Nile River. Egypt promises an unforgettable experience of history and relaxation - a mixture of discovery and pleasure.

map of Egypt

Key Facts

Language:
Arabic is the official language although English and French are widely spoken, especially in the tourist areas.
Passport/Visa:

A yellow fever vaccination certificate is required to enter Egypt, if travellers are arriving from or transiting through infected areas. Persons without a valid yellow fever certificate, if one is required, will be subject to quarantine. The wives and children of Egyptian men and the children of Egyptian women born after 25 July 2004 are exempt from visa requirements upon presentation of a birth certificate, passport or National ID Card of the relative. It is highly recommended that travellers' passports have at least six months' validity remaining after the intended date of departure from their travel destination. Immigration officials often apply different rules to those stated by travel agents and official sources.

Currency:

The unit of currency is the Egyptian Pound (EGP), which is divided into 100 piastres. All major credit cards are accepted in midrange and high-end establishments. Banks are usually closed on Friday and Saturday, but money can officially be changed at foreign exchange bureaux (forex) and some hotels. Cairo branches of the Egyptian American Bank and Banque Misr have ATMs available that accept Visa, MasterCard and Cirrus and are quite common in the main tourist areas.

Electricity:
Electrical current is 220 volts, 50Hz. European-style two-pin plugs are standard.

Travel to Egypt

Overview

Visitors have come for years from far and wide to experience Egypt's world-famous attractions for themselves.

Cairo, the capital, houses the market place Khan el-Khalili, the Egyptian Museum, and the necropolis at the City of the Dead. Just outside stand the iconic pyramids of Giza, and the Sphinx. To the north sits the port city of Alexandria. Founded by Alexander the Great, the city is home to the Pharaohs Lighthouse, one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. The city is at the estuary of the Nile. One of the best ways to experience Egypt is a boat cruise down this mighty river.

On the banks of the river lies Luxor. Built on the ancient site of Thebes, Luxor is home to the Valley of Kings and the tombs of Tutankhamun and Ramses II. Further south Lake Nasser offers peace and quiet, and visitors can take a multi-day cruise from Aswan to Abu Simbel, the site of the great temple of Ramses II.

The Red Sea is world-renowned for its scuba diving. Holidaymakers flock to resorts such as Hurghada for the warm waters and abundance of ocean life. In stark contrast are the plains of the Sahara. Egypt plays host to a corner of this arid landscape, featuring the rocks of the White Desert, and the palms and olive trees of the Siwa Oasis. If you've ever dreamt of being an explorer, the ancient world awaits.

Climate in Egypt

With the small exception of its strip of Mediterranean coastline, the whole of Egypt has an arid desert climate. The weather is constantly hot and dry and there are only two seasons. Summer brings blistering heat between May and October. Winter is mild and warm, and stretches from November to April. As is typical of desert climates, it tends to get cold at night in Egypt, whatever the season, so visitors should be sure to bring something warmer for the evenings. Egypt has a low annual rainfall and the majority of rain falls in the coastal region. It hardly ever rains during the summer months. A phenomenon of Egypt's climate is the hot wind that blows across the country, known internationally as the sirocco and to Egyptians as the khamsin. These desert sandstorms usually arrive in April but occasionally occur in March and May. They can continue for days and cause temperatures to rise dramatically, as well as cause damage to crops and buildings.

The best time to travel to Egypt is during the mid-winter, between December and February, when temperatures range comfortably from 68°F to 79°F (20 to 26°C). If travellers are keen to visit in summer, the best city to spend time in is Alexandria, as it has cooler summer temperatures then the rest of the country.

Health Notes when travelling to Egypt

A yellow fever vaccination certificate is required for entry into Egypt from travellers over nine months of age coming from infected areas. No other vaccinations are required but vaccinations are commonly recommended for hepatitis A, hepatitis B and typhoid. Travellers to Egypt should come prepared to beat the heat with a high factor sunblock and drink plenty of water to combat dehydration. Tap water in the main cities and towns is normally chlorinated but it is still advisable to drink only bottled water or tap water that has been boiled or filtered. Visitors should only eat thoroughly cooked food and fruits they have peeled themselves to prevent travellers' diarrhoea. The waters of the Nile are contaminated and should not be consumed.

Medical treatment can be expensive and standards vary (private and university hospitals are excellent; others are patchier) so comprehensive travel health insurance is strongly advised, including evacuation insurance. Medical facilities are generally adequate for routine ailments in the big cities and main tourist areas but outside of the main centres medical facilities can be very basic in Egypt.

Safety Notes when travelling to Egypt

The US Department of State and the British Foreign Office advise caution when travelling to Egypt, as there is a high threat from terrorism. All travel is advised against in North Sinai. All but essential travel is advised against in South Sinai, however the area within the Sharm el Sheikh perimeter barrier (including the airport, Sharm el Maya, Hadaba, Naama Bay, Sharks Bay, and Nabq) is protected by enhanced security measures and has experienced little violence. The resort areas in Hurghada have similar measures in place, although isolated incidents in non-tourist areas have been reported. Other areas under travel advisories include the border with Libya and swathes of Egypt's western desert (west of Cairo and the Nile Valley). Travellers should stay up to date on travel warnings and advisories.

Terrorist attacks have been ongoing, with several bombings taking place in Cairo and other regions in the last few years. Attacks against tourists have been reported.

Demonstrations are common near foreign embassies and around Tahrir Square in Cairo, and in other cities, including Alexandria. There have been incidents of foreigners, including British Nationals, being targeted and attacked during protests. There have also been reports of sexual assaults on women during demonstrations. Tourists are advised to avoid all street protests and gatherings and not to attempt to cross roadblocks.

Visitors to markets and major tourist sites will experience a fair amount of hassle from touts and are advised not to carry more money on them than needed, as petty crime is a concern. Women should be extra cautious when travelling alone as incidents of harassment and sexual assault are not uncommon. Women should be particularly alert when visiting spas and doing other tourist related activities, and should be careful to dress conservatively. Racism towards black and Asian people is prevalent and considered acceptable. Egypt also has a poor train safety record with several fatal accidents each year.

Customs in Egypt

Egypt is a conservative society and visitors should respect local customs and sensitivities. Homosexuality is solemnly frowned upon and homosexual acts are illegal. Public displays of affection are frowned upon. Religious customs should be recognised, particularly during the month of Ramadan when eating, drinking and smoking during daylight hours is forbidden by Islam. During Ramadan travellers should be discreet in public places or choose to partake in the custom themselves. Travellers to Egypt should dress modestly (women's clothes should cover the legs and upper arms). Photography of military institutions is prohibited and the Suez Canal counts as a military institution. Egyptians can be sensitive about any photography of infrastructure and it is best to ask for permission if in any doubt.

Duty Free in Egypt

Travellers over 18 arriving in Egypt do not have to pay customs duty on 200 cigarettes or 25 cigars or 200g tobacco; one litre of alcoholic beverages; and perfume for personal use. The import and export of local currency is limited to EGP 5,000. Banned items include firearms, cotton and drugs.

Doing Business in Egypt

Egyptians are friendly and approachable at work, and personal relationships are very important when conducting business. Business is usually conducted formally in Egypt. However, meetings may not take place in private and it is normal for them to be interrupted with other matters. Punctuality is important for visitors doing business, though foreigners shouldn't be surprised if their contact is late or postpones the meeting. It's important to remain patient. Dress should be formal and conservative; suits and ties are standard and women should dress modestly. Women may encounter some sexism in the business world. Most Egyptians are Muslim, so business people should be mindful of Islamic customs. English is widely spoken and understood, although attempting to speak some basic Arabic will be highly appreciated. The normal working week runs from Sunday to Thursday. Business hours vary, but in the private sector they are usually 9am to 5pm and in the public sector, 8am to 3pm. It's wise to avoid scheduling business trips during the month of Ramadan as working hours are minimised during the holiday period and many key players will not be available.

Communication in Egypt

The international access code for Egypt is +20. Most hotels, cafes and restaurants around major tourist centred areas provide free wifi access. International calls made from hotels have high surcharges; travellers can cut costs by purchasing local SIM cards.

Tipping in Egypt

Tipping is known as 'baksheesh' and some small change is expected for most services, though small change can be hard to come by. 'Baksheesh' can be a useful practice in order to gain entry to seemingly inaccessible places, or for extra services - a small tip can open doors, literally. A service charge is added to most restaurant and hotel bills but a tip of about 10 percent is normally given directly to the waiter. Taxi drivers are tipped about five percent.

Passport/Visa Note

A yellow fever vaccination certificate is required to enter Egypt, if travellers are arriving from or transiting through infected areas. Persons without a valid yellow fever certificate, if one is required, will be subject to quarantine. The wives and children of Egyptian men and the children of Egyptian women born after 25 July 2004 are exempt from visa requirements upon presentation of a birth certificate, passport or National ID Card of the relative. It is highly recommended that travellers' passports have at least six months' validity remaining after the intended date of departure from their travel destination. Immigration officials often apply different rules to those stated by travel agents and official sources.

Entry Requirements

Entry requirements for Americans:

US citizens must have a passport valid for six months beyond the period of intended stay in Egypt. A visa is required, except for tourists arriving at Sharm El Sheik (SSH), Saint Catherine (SKV) or Taba (TCP) airports, and staying in the Sinai resort area only for up to 15 days. Visas can be obtained on arrival, for a maximum stay of 30 days. E-visas can be obtained online at www.visa2egypt.gov.eg

Entry requirements for Canadians:

Canadian citizens must have a passport valid for six months beyond the period of intended stay in Egypt. A visa is required, except for tourists arriving at Sharm El Sheik (SSH), Saint Catherine (SKV), or Taba (TCP) airports, and staying in the Sinai resort area for up to 15 days. Visas can be obtained on arrival, for a maximum stay of 30 days. E-visas can be obtained before departure at www.visa2egypt.gov.eg

Entry requirements for UK nationals:

British citizens must have a passport valid for six months beyond the period of intended stay in Egypt. A visa is required, except for tourists arriving at Sharm El Sheik (SSH), Saint Catherine (SKV), or Taba (TCP) airports, and staying in the Sinai resort area for up to 15 days. Visas can be obtained on arrival, for a maximum stay of 30 days. E-visas can be obtained before departure at www.visa2egypt.gov.eg

Entry requirements for Australians:

Australian citizens must have a passport valid for six months beyond the period of intended stay in Egypt. A visa is required, except for tourists arriving at Sharm El Sheik (SSH), Saint Catherine (SKV), or Taba (TCP) airports, and staying in the Sinai resort area for up to 15 days. Visas can be obtained on arrival, for a maximum stay of 30 days. E-visas can be obtained before departure at www.visa2egypt.gov.eg

Entry requirements for Irish nationals:

Irish citizens must have a passport valid for six months beyond the period of intended stay in Egypt. A visa is required, except for tourists arriving at Sharm El Sheik (SSH), Saint Catherine (SKV), or Taba (TCP) airports, and staying in the Sinai resort area for up to 15 days. Visas can be obtained on arrival, for a maximum stay of 30 days.

Entry requirements for New Zealanders:

New Zealand citizens must have a passport valid for six months beyond the period of intended stay in Egypt. A visa is required, except for tourists arriving at Sharm El Sheik (SSH), Saint Catherine (SKV), or Taba (TCP) airports, and staying in the Sinai resort area for up to 15 days. Visas can be obtained on arrival, for a maximum stay of 30 days.

Entry requirements for South Africans:

South African citizens must have a passport valid for six months beyond the period of intended stay in Egypt. A visa is required.

Tourist Offices

Egyptian Tourist Authority: egypt.travel/

Egypt Embassies

In the United States:

Egyptian Embassy, Washington DC, United States: +1 202 966 6342.

In Canada:

Egyptian Embassy, Ottawa, Canada: +1 613 234 4931.

In the United Kingdom:

Egyptian Embassy, London, United Kingdom: +44 (0)20 7499 3304.

In Australia:

Egyptian Embassy, Canberra, Australia (also responsible for New Zealand): +61 (0)2 6273 4437.

In Ireland:

Egyptian Embassy, Dublin, Ireland: +353 (0)1 660 6566.

In South Africa:

Egyptian Embassy, Pretoria, South Africa: +27 (0)12 343 1590.

Foreign Embassies in Egypt

American Embassy

United States Embassy, Cairo: +20 (0)2 2797 3300.

Canadian Embassy

Canadian Embassy, Cairo: +20 (0)2 2461 2200.

British Embassy

British Embassy, Cairo: +20 (0)2 2791 6000.

Australian Embassy

Australian Embassy, Cairo: +20 (0)2 2770 6600.

Irish Embassy

Irish Embassy, Cairo: +20 (0)2 2728 7100.

New Zealand Embassy

New Zealand Embassy, Cairo: +20 (0)2 2461 6000.

South African Embassy

South African Embassy, Cairo: +20 (0)2 2535 3000.

Travel Advisories

Health Information for Travelers to Egypt

Content source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

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Map - Egypt

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Vaccines and Medicines

Check the vaccines and medicines list and visit your doctor (ideally, 4-6 weeks) before your trip to get vaccines or medicines you may need.

 

  Find Out Why Protect Yourself

All travelers

You should be up to date on routine vaccinations while traveling to any destination. Some vaccines may also be required for travel.
Routine vaccines

Make sure you are up-to-date on routine vaccines before every trip. These vaccines include measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine, diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine, varicella (chickenpox) vaccine, polio vaccine, and your yearly flu shot.

 get_vaccinated hygiene

Most travelers

Get travel vaccines and medicines because there is a risk of these diseases in the country you are visiting.
Hepatitis A

CDC recommends this vaccine because you can get hepatitis A through contaminated food or water in Egypt, regardless of where you are eating or staying.

 get_vaccinated eat_drink
Typhoid

You can get typhoid through contaminated food or water in Egypt. CDC recommends this vaccine for most travelers, especially if you are staying with friends or relatives, visiting smaller cities or rural areas, or if you are an adventurous eater.

 get_vaccinated eat_drink

Some travelers

Ask your doctor what vaccines and medicines you need based on where you are going, how long you are staying, what you will be doing, and if you are traveling from a country other than the US.
Hepatitis B

You can get hepatitis B through sexual contact, contaminated needles, and blood products, so CDC recommends this vaccine if you might have sex with a new partner, get a tattoo or piercing, or have any medical procedures.

 get_vaccinated avoid_body_fluids avoid-non-sterile-equipment
Rabies

Rabies can be found in dogs, bats, and other mammals in Egypt, so CDC recommends this vaccine for the following groups:

  • Travelers involved in outdoor and other activities (such as camping, hiking, biking, adventure travel, and caving) that put them at risk for animal bites.
  • People who will be working with or around animals (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, and researchers).
  • People who are taking long trips or moving to Egypt
  • Children, because they tend to play with animals, might not report bites, and are more likely to have animal bites on their head and neck.
 get_vaccinated animals hygiene
Yellow Fever

There is no risk of yellow fever in Egypt. The government of Egypt requires proof of yellow fever vaccination only if you are arriving from a country with risk of yellow fever. This does not include the US. If you are traveling from a country other than the US, check this list to see if you may be required to get the yellow fever vaccine: Countries with risk of yellow fever virus (YFV) transmission.

For more information on recommendations and requirements, see yellow fever recommendations and requirements for Egypt. Your doctor can help you decide if this vaccine is right for you based on your travel plans.

All travelers

You should be up to date on routine vaccinations while traveling to any destination. Some vaccines may also be required for travel.

get_vaccinated hygiene
Routine vaccines

Make sure you are up-to-date on routine vaccines before every trip. These vaccines include measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine, diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine, varicella (chickenpox) vaccine, polio vaccine, and your yearly flu shot.

Most travelers

Get travel vaccines and medicines because there is a risk of these diseases in the country you are visiting.

get_vaccinated eat_drink
Hepatitis A

CDC recommends this vaccine because you can get hepatitis A through contaminated food or water in Egypt, regardless of where you are eating or staying.

get_vaccinated eat_drink
Typhoid

You can get typhoid through contaminated food or water in Egypt. CDC recommends this vaccine for most travelers, especially if you are staying with friends or relatives, visiting smaller cities or rural areas, or if you are an adventurous eater.

Some travelers

Ask your doctor what vaccines and medicines you need based on where you are going, how long you are staying, what you will be doing, and if you are traveling from a country other than the US.

get_vaccinated avoid_body_fluids avoid-non-sterile-equipment
Hepatitis B

You can get hepatitis B through sexual contact, contaminated needles, and blood products, so CDC recommends this vaccine if you might have sex with a new partner, get a tattoo or piercing, or have any medical procedures.

get_vaccinated animals hygiene
Rabies

Rabies can be found in dogs, bats, and other mammals in Egypt, so CDC recommends this vaccine for the following groups:

  • Travelers involved in outdoor and other activities (such as camping, hiking, biking, adventure travel, and caving) that put them at risk for animal bites.
  • People who will be working with or around animals (such as veterinarians, wildlife professionals, and researchers).
  • People who are taking long trips or moving to Egypt
  • Children, because they tend to play with animals, might not report bites, and are more likely to have animal bites on their head and neck.
Yellow Fever

There is no risk of yellow fever in Egypt. The government of Egypt requires proof of yellow fever vaccination only if you are arriving from a country with risk of yellow fever. This does not include the US. If you are traveling from a country other than the US, check this list to see if you may be required to get the yellow fever vaccine: Countries with risk of yellow fever virus (YFV) transmission.

For more information on recommendations and requirements, see yellow fever recommendations and requirements for Egypt. Your doctor can help you decide if this vaccine is right for you based on your travel plans.

Key
  • Get vaccinated
  • Eat and drink safely
  • Keep away from animals
  • Reduce your exposure to germs
  • Avoid sharing body fluids
  • Avoid non-sterile medical or cosmetic equipment

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Stay Healthy and Safe

Learn actions you can take to stay healthy and safe on your trip. Vaccines cannot protect you from many diseases in Egypt, so your behaviors are important.

 

Eat and drink safely

Unclean food and water can cause travelers' diarrhea and other diseases. Reduce your risk by sticking to safe food and water habits.

Eat
  • Food that is cooked and served hot
  • Hard-cooked eggs
  • Fruits and vegetables you have washed in clean water or peeled yourself
  • Pasteurized dairy products
Don't Eat
  • Food served at room temperature
  • Food from street vendors
  • Raw or soft-cooked (runny) eggs
  • Raw or undercooked (rare) meat or fish
  • Unwashed or unpeeled raw fruits and vegetables
  • Unpasteurized dairy products
  • ”Bushmeat” (monkeys, bats, or other wild game)
Drink
  • Bottled water that is sealed
  • Water that has been disinfected
  • Ice made with bottled or disinfected water
  • Carbonated drinks
  • Hot coffee or tea
  • Pasteurized milk
Don’t Drink
  • Tap or well water
  • Ice made with tap or well water
  • Drinks made with tap or well water (such as reconstituted juice)
  • Unpasteurized milk
Take Medicine

Talk with your doctor about taking prescription or over-the-counter drugs with you on your trip in case you get sick.

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Prevent bug bites

Bugs (like mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas) can spread a number of diseases in Egypt. Many of these diseases cannot be prevented with a vaccine or medicine. You can reduce your risk by taking steps to prevent bug bites.

What can I do to prevent bug bites?
  • Cover exposed skin by wearing long-sleeved shirts, long pants, and hats.
  • Use an appropriate insect repellent (see below).
  • Use permethrin-treated clothing and gear (such as boots, pants, socks, and tents). Do not use permethrin directly on skin.
  • Stay and sleep in air-conditioned or screened rooms.
  • Use a bed net if the area where you are sleeping is exposed to the outdoors.
What type of insect repellent should I use?
  • FOR PROTECTION AGAINST TICKS AND MOSQUITOES: Use a repellent that contains 20% or more DEET for protection that lasts up to several hours.
  • FOR PROTECTION AGAINST MOSQUITOES ONLY: Products with one of the following active ingredients can also help prevent mosquito bites. Higher percentages of active ingredient provide longer protection.
    • DEET
    • Picaridin (also known as KBR 3023, Bayrepel, and icaridin)
    • Oil of lemon eucalyptus (OLE) or PMD
    • IR3535
  • Always use insect repellent as directed.
What should I do if I am bitten by bugs?
  • Avoid scratching bug bites, and apply hydrocortisone cream or calamine lotion to reduce the itching.
  • Check your entire body for ticks after outdoor activity. Be sure to remove ticks properly.
What can I do to avoid bed bugs?

Although bed bugs do not carry disease, they are an annoyance. See our information page about avoiding bug bites for some easy tips to avoid them. For more information on bed bugs, see Bed Bugs.

For more detailed information on avoiding bug bites, see Avoid Bug Bites.

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Stay safe outdoors

If your travel plans in Egypt include outdoor activities, take these steps to stay safe and healthy during your trip.

  • Stay alert to changing weather conditions and adjust your plans if conditions become unsafe.
  • Prepare for activities by wearing the right clothes and packing protective items, such as bug spray, sunscreen, and a basic first aid kit.
  • Consider learning basic first aid and CPR before travel. Bring a travel health kit with items appropriate for your activities.
  • Heat-related illness, such as heat stroke, can be deadly. Eat and drink regularly, wear loose and lightweight clothing, and limit physical activity during high temperatures.
    • If you are outside for many hours in heat, eat salty snacks and drink water to stay hydrated and replace salt lost through sweating.
  • Protect yourself from UV radiation: use sunscreen with an SPF of at least 15, wear protective clothing, and seek shade during the hottest time of day (10 a.m.–4 p.m.).
  • Be especially careful during summer months and at high elevation. Because sunlight reflects off snow, sand, and water, sun exposure may be increased during activities like skiing, swimming, and sailing.
  • Very cold temperatures can be dangerous. Dress in layers and cover heads, hands, and feet properly if you are visiting a cold location.
Stay safe around water
  • Swim only in designated swimming areas. Obey lifeguards and warning flags on beaches.
  • Practice safe boating—follow all boating safety laws, do not drink alcohol if driving a boat, and always wear a life jacket.
  • Do not dive into shallow water.
  • Do not swim in freshwater in developing areas or where sanitation is poor.
  • Avoid swallowing water when swimming. Untreated water can carry germs that make you sick.
  • To prevent infections, wear shoes on beaches where there may be animal waste.

Schistosomiasis, a parasitic infection that can be spread in fresh water, is found in Egypt. Avoid swimming in fresh, unchlorinated water, such as lakes, ponds, or rivers.

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Keep away from animals

Most animals avoid people, but they may attack if they feel threatened, are protecting their young or territory, or if they are injured or ill. Animal bites and scratches can lead to serious diseases such as rabies.

Follow these tips to protect yourself:

  • Do not touch or feed any animals you do not know.
  • Do not allow animals to lick open wounds, and do not get animal saliva in your eyes or mouth.
  • Avoid rodents and their urine and feces.
  • Traveling pets should be supervised closely and not allowed to come in contact with local animals.
  • If you wake in a room with a bat, seek medical care immediately. Bat bites may be hard to see.

All animals can pose a threat, but be extra careful around dogs, bats, monkeys, sea animals such as jellyfish, and snakes. If you are bitten or scratched by an animal, immediately:

  • Wash the wound with soap and clean water.
  • Go to a doctor right away.
  • Tell your doctor about your injury when you get back to the United States.

Consider buying medical evacuation insurance. Rabies is a deadly disease that must be treated quickly, and treatment may not be available in some countries.

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Reduce your exposure to germs

Follow these tips to avoid getting sick or spreading illness to others while traveling:

  • Wash your hands often, especially before eating.
  • If soap and water aren’t available, clean hands with hand sanitizer (containing at least 60% alcohol).
  • Don’t touch your eyes, nose, or mouth. If you need to touch your face, make sure your hands are clean.
  • Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your sleeve (not your hands) when coughing or sneezing.
  • Try to avoid contact with people who are sick.
  • If you are sick, stay home or in your hotel room, unless you need medical care.
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Avoid sharing body fluids

Diseases can be spread through body fluids, such as saliva, blood, vomit, and semen.

Protect yourself:

  • Use latex condoms correctly.
  • Do not inject drugs.
  • Limit alcohol consumption. People take more risks when intoxicated.
  • Do not share needles or any devices that can break the skin. That includes needles for tattoos, piercings, and acupuncture.
  • If you receive medical or dental care, make sure the equipment is disinfected or sanitized.
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Know how to get medical care while traveling

Plan for how you will get health care during your trip, should the need arise:

  • Carry a list of local doctors and hospitals at your destination.
  • Review your health insurance plan to determine what medical services it would cover during your trip. Consider purchasing travel health and medical evacuation insurance.
  • Carry a card that identifies, in the local language, your blood type, chronic conditions or serious allergies, and the generic names of any medications you take.
  • Some prescription drugs may be illegal in other countries. Call Egypt’s embassy to verify that all of your prescription(s) are legal to bring with you.
  • Bring all the medicines (including over-the-counter medicines) you think you might need during your trip, including extra in case of travel delays. Ask your doctor to help you get prescriptions filled early if you need to.

Many foreign hospitals and clinics are accredited by the Joint Commission International. A list of accredited facilities is available at their website (www.jointcommissioninternational.org).

In some countries, medicine (prescription and over-the-counter) may be substandard or counterfeit. Bring the medicines you will need from the United States to avoid having to buy them at your destination.

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Select safe transportation

Motor vehicle crashes are the #1 killer of healthy US citizens in foreign countries.

In many places cars, buses, large trucks, rickshaws, bikes, people on foot, and even animals share the same lanes of traffic, increasing the risk for crashes.

Walking

Be smart when you are traveling on foot.

  • Use sidewalks and marked crosswalks.
  • Pay attention to the traffic around you, especially in crowded areas.
  • Remember, people on foot do not always have the right of way in other countries.
Riding/Driving

Choose a safe vehicle.

  • Choose official taxis or public transportation, such as trains and buses.
  • Ride only in cars that have seatbelts.
  • Avoid overcrowded, overloaded, top-heavy buses and minivans.
  • Avoid riding on motorcycles or motorbikes, especially motorbike taxis. (Many crashes are caused by inexperienced motorbike drivers.)
  • Choose newer vehicles—they may have more safety features, such as airbags, and be more reliable.
  • Choose larger vehicles, which may provide more protection in crashes.

Think about the driver.

  • Do not drive after drinking alcohol or ride with someone who has been drinking.
  • Consider hiring a licensed, trained driver familiar with the area.
  • Arrange payment before departing.

Follow basic safety tips.

  • Wear a seatbelt at all times.
  • Sit in the back seat of cars and taxis.
  • When on motorbikes or bicycles, always wear a helmet. (Bring a helmet from home, if needed.)
  • Avoid driving at night; street lighting in certain parts of Egypt may be poor.
  • Do not use a cell phone or text while driving (illegal in many countries).
  • Travel during daylight hours only, especially in rural areas.
  • If you choose to drive a vehicle in Egypt, learn the local traffic laws and have the proper paperwork.
  • Get any driving permits and insurance you may need. Get an International Driving Permit (IDP). Carry the IDP and a US-issued driver's license at all times.
  • Check with your auto insurance policy's international coverage, and get more coverage if needed. Make sure you have liability insurance.
Flying
  • Avoid using local, unscheduled aircraft.
  • If possible, fly on larger planes (more than 30 seats); larger airplanes are more likely to have regular safety inspections.
  • Try to schedule flights during daylight hours and in good weather.
Medical Evacuation Insurance

If you are seriously injured, emergency care may not be available or may not meet US standards. Trauma care centers are uncommon outside urban areas. Having medical evacuation insurance can be helpful for these reasons.

Helpful Resources

Road Safety Overseas (Information from the US Department of State): Includes tips on driving in other countries, International Driving Permits, auto insurance, and other resources.

The Association for International Road Travel has country-specific Road Travel Reports available for most countries for a minimal fee.

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Maintain personal security

Use the same common sense traveling overseas that you would at home, and always stay alert and aware of your surroundings.

Before you leave
  • Research your destination(s), including local laws, customs, and culture.
  • Monitor travel warnings and alerts and read travel tips from the US Department of State.
  • Enroll in the Smart Traveler Enrollment Program (STEP).
  • Leave a copy of your itinerary, contact information, credit cards, and passport with someone at home.
  • Pack as light as possible, and leave at home any item you could not replace.
While at your destination(s)
  • Carry contact information for the nearest US embassy or consulate.
  • Carry a photocopy of your passport and entry stamp; leave the actual passport securely in your hotel.
  • Follow all local laws and social customs.
  • Do not wear expensive clothing or jewelry.
  • Always keep hotel doors locked, and store valuables in secure areas.
  • If possible, choose hotel rooms between the 2nd and 6th floors.
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Healthy Travel Packing List

Use the Healthy Travel Packing List for Egypt for a list of health-related items to consider packing for your trip. Talk to your doctor about which items are most important for you.

Why does CDC recommend packing these health-related items?

It’s best to be prepared to prevent and treat common illnesses and injuries. Some supplies and medicines may be difficult to find at your destination, may have different names, or may have different ingredients than what you normally use.

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Travel Health Notices

There are no notices currently in effect for Egypt.

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After Your Trip

If you are not feeling well after your trip, you may need to see a doctor. If you need help finding a travel medicine specialist, see Find a Clinic. Be sure to tell your doctor about your travel, including where you went and what you did on your trip. Also tell your doctor if you were bitten or scratched by an animal while traveling.

For more information on what to do if you are sick after your trip, see Getting Sick after Travel.

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Map Disclaimer - The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on maps do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement are generally marked.

Currency

The unit of currency is the Egyptian Pound (EGP), which is divided into 100 piastres. All major credit cards are accepted in midrange and high-end establishments. Banks are usually closed on Friday and Saturday, but money can officially be changed at foreign exchange bureaux (forex) and some hotels. Cairo branches of the Egyptian American Bank and Banque Misr have ATMs available that accept Visa, MasterCard and Cirrus and are quite common in the main tourist areas.

Exchange rate for 1 EGP - Egyptian Pound
0.11 BMD
Bermudan Dollar 		0.10 EUR
Euro 		0.11 USD
U.S. Dollar 		0.08 GBP
U.K. Pound Sterling 		12.26 JPY
Japanese Yen 		0.15 CAD
Canadian Dollar
0.11 CHF
Swiss Franc 		0.16 AUD
Australian Dollar 		2.83 UAH
Ukrainian Hryvnia 		38.03 KZT
Kazakhstani Tenge 		169.59 LBP
Lebanese Pound 		0.08 LYD
Libyan Dinar
0.77 BOB
Bolivian Boliviano 		12.15 NPR
Nepalese Rupee 		0.04 OMR
Omani Rial 		0.41 QAR
Qatari Rial 		0.15 SGD
Singapore Dollar 		0.93 SEK
Swedish Krona
0.75 TTD
Trinidad Tobago Dollar 		1.12 VEF
Venezuelan Bolivar 		5.16 DOP
Dominican Peso 		0.76 HRK
Croatian Kuna 		2.10 MXN
Mexican Peso 		66.03 XOF
West African CFA Franc
0.36 PGK
Papua New Guinean kina 		0.11 BSD
Bahamian Dollar 		0.24 FJD
Fiji Dollar 		2.55 HNL
Honduran Lempira 		12.45 DZD
Algerian Dinar 		134.17 MMK
Myanma Kyat
1.26 BWP
Botswana Pula 		0.38 PEN
Peruvian Nuevo Sol 		78.11 CLP
Chilean Peso 		53.84 AMD
Armenia Dram 		2.72 CZK
Czech Koruna 		2.25 MDL
Moldova Lei
14.00 ISK
Icelandic Krona 		330.97 UZS
Uzbekistan Sum 		0.43 ILS
Israeli New Sheqel 		0.08 JOD
Jordanian Dinar 		0.03 KWD
Kuwaiti Dinar 		3.53 UYU
Uruguayan Peso
4.00 MUR
Mauritian Rupee 		3.21 NIO
Nicaraguan Córdoba 		0.94 NOK
Norwegian Krone 		0.44 PLN
Polish Zloty 		0.42 SAR
Saudi Riyal 		16.44 LKR
Sri Lanka Rupee
4.01 THB
Thai Baht 		0.41 AED
U.A.E Dirham 		0.40 BRL
Brazilian Real 		0.46 RON
Romanian New Leu 		0.88 HKD
Hong Kong Dollar 		66.18 XAF
Central African CFA Franc
2,531.13 VND
Vietnamese Dong 		1.57 ARS
Argentine Peso 		0.30 XCD
East Caribbean Dollar 		0.88 GTQ
Guatemalan Quetzal 		1.10 MAD
Moroccan Dirham 		0.04 BHD
Bahrain Dinar
0.11 PAB
Panamanian Balboa 		0.17 AZN
Azerbaijan Manat 		351.13 COP
Colombian Peso 		7.69 KGS
Kyrgyzstan Som 		31.51 HUF
Hungarian Forint 		0.89 TJS
Tajikistan Ruble
1,541.01 IDR
Indonesian Rupiah 		134.14 KRW
South Korean Won 		638.50 PYG
Paraguayan Guaraní 		0.47 MYR
Malaysian Ringgit 		60.67 CRC
Costa Rican Colón 		0.17 NZD
New Zealand Dollar
11.80 PKR
Pakistani Rupee 		7.52 RUB
Russian Rouble 		1.76 ZAR
South African Rand 		0.24 TND
Tunisian Dinar 		0.23 BBD
Barbadian Dollar 		0.20 BGN
Bulgarian Lev
0.33 TRY
Turkish Lira 		5.25 PHP
Philippine Peso 		3.67 TWD
New Taiwan Dollar 		22.13 NGN
Nigerian Naira 		12.07 XPF
CFP Franc 		0.44 GHS
Ghanaian Cedi
14.07 JMD
Jamaican Dollar 		0.20 ANG
Neth. Antillean Guilder 		0.15 BND
Brunei Dollar 		12.45 RSD
Serbian Dinar 		0.74 CNY
Chinese Yuan 		2,240.99 BYR
Belarussian Ruble
0.75 DKK
Danish Krone 		0.39 TMT
New Turkmenistan Manat 		7.58 INR
Indian Rupee 		     
Exchange Rate for
U.S. Dollar to Egyptian Pound

1 USD = 8.88 EGP

Exchange Rate for
Euro to Egyptian Pound

1 EUR = 9.92 EGP

Exchange Rate for
Canadian Dollar to Egyptian Pound

1 CAD = 6.79 EGP

Exchange Rate for
U.K. Pound Sterling to Egyptian Pound

1 GBP = 12.80 EGP

Exchange Rate for
Australian Dollar to Egyptian Pound

1 AUD = 6.43 EGP

Exchange Rate for
New Zealand Dollar to Egyptian Pound

1 NZD = 6.05 EGP

Exchange Rate for
South African Rand to Egyptian Pound

1 ZAR = 0.57 EGP

Cairo International (CAI)
Cairo International Airport
http://www.cairo-airport.com

Location: Cairo The airport is situated 13.7 miles (22km) from central Cairo.

map of Cairo International

Time: Local time is GMT + 2.

Contacts: Tel: +(202) 2265 5000.

Transfer between terminals: The three terminals are about two miles (3km) apart and are linked by a free shuttle, which departs about every half an hour.

Getting to the city: There are taxis outside the main arrivals hall; the journey to central Cairo takes around 45 minutes. The Airport Shuttle bus is a convenient way to get from the airport to downtown Cairo and along the Pyramids Road in Giza. Public buses and air-conditioned coaches also leave regularly from Terminal 1.

Car rental: Car hire companies at the airport include Avis, Budget, Europcar and Sixt.

Airport Taxis: Taxis may have fare meters but are unlikely to use them. Fares vary and should be negotiated up front. Cairo taxis are black and white.

Facilities: Facilities include a restaurant and several cafeterias, banks and ATMs, a bureau de change, pharmacies, an internet café in Terminal 1, five-star lounges for business and first class passengers, smoking rooms (Terminal 1), tourist information desks and travel agencies. Duty-free shopping is also available.

Parking: Parking is available adjacent to Terminal 1, at a rate of EGP 20 for the first three hours.

Luxor Airport (LXR)
Luxor International Airport

Location: The Nile Valley The airport is situated six miles (10km) east of Luxor city.

map of Luxor Airport

Time: Local time is GMT +2.

Getting to the city: The best way to the city is by taxi (journey time 15min), but there is also a regular bus service available, although it is generally very crowded.

Car rental: There are car rental agencies at the airport.

Airport Taxis:

Facilities: Airport facilities include bureaux de change, restaurants, shops, a tourist information desk, post office and luggage storage. Wheelchairs are available for disabled passengers; airlines should be notified in advance.

Parking:

Departure Tax: None.

Alexandria Airport (HBE)
Borg El Arab International Airport

Location: Borg El Arab International Airport is located in Alexandria, about 30 miles (48km) southwest of the city centre.

map of Alexandria Airport

Time: GMT+2

Getting to the city: There is no public transportation from the airport to Alexandria, though travellers can use the airport bus service of Egypt Bus. The company offers a 24-hour bus service from the airport to Muharram Bek Bus Station, located about 5km south of the centre.

Car rental: Car rental agencies include Sixt and Europcar.

Airport Taxis:

Facilities:

Parking:

Hurghada Airport (HRG)
Hurghada Airport

Location: The Sinai Peninsula and the Red Sea Hurghada Airport is located seven miles (12km) south of the city of Hurghada El Dahar.

map of Hurghada Airport

Time: GMT +2

Contacts: Tel: +20 65 341 4213.

Getting to the city: Taxis are available outside the terminal building but rates should be negotiated before entering the taxi. The journey time to Hurghada El Dahar (downtown) is approximately 20 minutes. Travellers can also find transfers from the airport to town by minivan or bus; minibuses are available outside the airport, leaving once full.

Car rental: Car hire is available at the airport .

Airport Taxis:

Facilities:

Parking: The airport's single parking lot offers both short-term and long-term parking.

Sharm el-Sheikh Airport (SSH)
Sharm el-Sheikh International Airport

Location: Sharm el-Sheikh International Airport is located 11 miles (18km) northeast of Sharm el Sheikh centre, near Ras Nasrani.

map of Sharm el-Sheikh Airport

Time: GMT +2

Contacts: Tel: 069 362 3304.

Getting to the city: Regular and tourist taxis (which charge double the fare) are available; travellers can also arrange transfer by shuttle bus through their hotels or travel companies.

Car rental: Car rental is available from the airport.

Airport Taxis:

Facilities: There are ATMs throughout the airport, cafes, restaurants, banking and currency exchange facilities, several duty-free shops and a range of retail and souvenir shops. There are also disabled facilities. Travellers requiring assistance should contact their airline prior to departure.

Parking: Short- and long-term parking is available.

Aswan
The Nile Valley

Aswan, the most southerly Egyptian resort city, and a popular holiday destination, has more of an African ambiance than most Egyptian cities, due to its numerous Nubian inhabitants, who bring in their own interesting culture and customs. Although every bit as touristy as Luxor, Aswan and its inhabitants are generally far more laid-back and travellers often report how friendly they are.

A picturesque city, Aswan's attraction as a holiday destination lies not so much in its historical sites, as in the peacefulness of a felucca cruise at sunset, a visit to the colourful market (Sharia el-Souq), or dinner at one of the floating restaurants on the Nile. Aswan is a perfect base from which to visit the magnificent Sun Temple of Ramses II, Abu Simbel, which is one of the most famous attractions in Egypt.

Nightlife in Aswan

Aswan's nightlife can't compete with Cairo or Luxor's, but there is plenty of fun on offer nonetheless. Night shows are popular in the city and the dramatic light and sound shows are a good introduction to Egyptian folklore and history. There are regular live music performances on offer and night cruises on the Nile also make for lovely after-dark activities. There are many more conventional nightlife options though, with bars and pubs and even the odd disco to investigate.

Shopping in Aswan

There is plenty of shopping to be done in the various markets of Aswan, from looking for shoes and clothes to seeking out choice jewellery and leather goods. Sharia as-Souq is a popular market in Aswan, where the touts have a reputation for being less pushy than in most of Egypt. Haggling is the best way to get the cheapest price, and it is wise to be cautious when buying jewellery, as many fake pieces can be mistaken as authentic.

Things to do in Aswan

A felucca (traditional sailboat) trip down the Nile is one of the best ways to see Aswan and its surrounds while on holiday. The Nubian village and remains of ancient Memphis on Elephantine Island are well worth a visit, as are the Ruins of Abu, Aswan's most ancient settlement. Visitors can delve deeper into history at the Nubian Museum. The far side of the Nile is desert as far as the eye can see and this is the perfect setting for a camel trek.

Things to be aware of in Aswan

Aswan can become quite touristy and overcrowded during peak season.

Dining in Aswan

There is endless appeal in dining on the edge of the Nile. Aswan fully capitalises on this with numerous riverfront restaurants and even floating restaurants. There is traditional Egyptian fare available of course (and Egyptian fare tends to be cheap and plentiful) but also a lot of international cuisine. The 1902 Restaurant, in the Old Cataract Hotel, is reminiscent of an ancient tomb and serves French cuisine and local fish. It played host to such dignitaries as Winston Churchill and King Edward VII's brother on its opening night and is still one of the top restaurants in Aswan.

Sharm el-Sheikh
The Sinai Peninsula and the Red Sea

A world-acclaimed dive centre and the most developed of the Red Sea resorts, Sharm el-Sheikh has many holiday activities, and plenty of luxury accommodation and restaurants available. Most Sharm el-Sheikh hotels and diving centres are situated four miles (7km) from the city at Naama Bay and it has become a busy holiday resort with plenty of shopping opportunities, lots of late night entertainment and an attractive holiday atmosphere.

Numerous dive sites are within reach of Sharm el-Sheikh, including the huge drop-offs at Ras Mohammed in the extreme southern part of the peninsula, the Straits of Tiran, various wrecks, and about 28 sites located along the coast that are accessed by boat. Naama Bay has a gently sloping sandy bottom, is ideal for dive classes, and provides diving and snorkelling opportunities for all levels without having to use a boat or car to get there.

Besides excellent diving and snorkelling, which are the main activities for holidaymakers in Sharm el-Sheikh, there are plenty of watersports available for visitors who feel like doing more than just soaking up the sun. Add a vibrant nightlife with casinos, discos and nightclubs and one can't complain of boredom!

Nightlife in Sharm el-Sheikh

Sharm el-Sheikh's casinos, discos, pubs and bars cater to those ready to party the night away while on holiday. Entertainment ranges from dance clubs to informal hangouts.

Shopping in Sharm el-Sheikh

Avid shoppers will find a variety of goods in the old market and Sharm El-Sheikh's malls, where shops sell both foreign and local products, including jewellery, leather goods, clothing, pottery and books. Naama Bay offers a more upmarket shopping experience at the Naama Centre, where shopkeepers are less inclined to bargain but everything from souvenirs to scarves can be found.

Things to do in Sharm el-Sheikh

Though diving and snorkelling are the main activities for holidaymakers in Sharm el-Sheikh, there are a range of other activities available including horseback and camel riding, golf, desert safaris and health treatments, and a variety of watersports. The desert holds numerous attractions and trips are offered to Mt Sinai and St Catherine's Monastery, among others (though these tours may be suspended when the region is not considered safe).

Things to be aware of in Sharm el-Sheikh

Shopkeepers and hawkers can become a nuisance but a polite though firm 'no, thank you' should ward them off. Travel authorities currently urge extreme caution when travelleing in the Sinai region; excursions into the desert to places such as St Catherine's Monastery may not always be possible.

Dining in Sharm el-Sheikh

There are a huge variety of dining options between Sharm el-Sheikh's two tourist districts of Old Sharm and Naama Bay, from hotel restaurants and international fast food chains such as KFC, to local eateries and fresh fish. Every cuisine from Mexican to Japanese is represented in Sharm el-Sheikh.

Dahab
The Sinai Peninsula and the Red Sea

With an enduring Bohemian quality, golden beaches and a laid-back atmosphere, Dahab is an excellent holiday destination, particularly for backpackers and scuba divers. The destination has both budget accommodation and fine hotels catering for the more luxury-seeking guest, and its array of seafront restaurants offer open-air dining alongside the lapping waves.

Dahab lies on the deepest section of the Great Rift Valley that extends down through Africa, making for dramatic underwater scenery with steep drops, valleys and canyons. Most of the diving is accessed from the shore, reached by taking a pick-up truck to the beaches stretching in either direction of the town. Some of the superb diving and snorkelling sites nearby include the Blue Hole, one of the best in the Sinai region, and the Canyon, but only TEC-divers are allowed to dive the deeper sections of such formations.

Nightlife in Dahab

Dahab is not really known for its raucous nightlife. Most evenings are spent by the waterfront restaurants, or in the resort bars where live Bedouin music is common. The most lively bar in town is Tota Dance Bar which offers free movies, happy hours and a weekend disco.

Shopping in Dahab

Bargain hard to get classic Egyptian souvenirs like hookahs, carpets, lamps, cotton shirts and silver jewellery. Watch out for papyrus paintings made from banana leaves. In general aim to settle on 50 percent of the opening price and if in doubt stroll to the next stall where they will most likely sell the same merchandise. A good buy is Bedouin handicrafts, like embroidered fabrics. A good place to pick up general supplies is Ghazala Supermarket at the southern end of Masbat.

Things to do in Dahab

Diving is the big draw card here, with easy access to dive sites and warm, clear waters. The Blue Hole and Canyon are both renowned for their depth and spectacular sea life. Windsurfing is also hugely popular, as the still waters behind the Dahab sandbar are blessed with an average of 300 days of wind per year. Other popular activities are camel, jeep and quad bike trips into the desert, and excursions to Mount Sinai and St Catherine's Monastery. Please note though, that although the town itself is considered safe, excursions out into the desert in the Sinai region can be dangerous and are advised against by many travel authorities and embassies due to a string of kidnappings in the area.

Things to be aware of in Dahab

The Blue Hole is considered one of the most dangerous dives in the world and unless the diver has completed technical dive training it should not be attempted. Watch out for scams relating to accommodation and transport. Taxi drivers routinely overcharge so always agree on a price before departure. Although Dahab is considered safe, the Sinai region outside of the major resorts can be dangerous.

Dining in Dahab

Dahab has a wide range of good quality yet inexpensive restaurants. Seafood is the key ingredient, freshly caught and served simply. The Bedouin-style restaurants on the beach are very popular as you sit at a low table with cushions close to the sand.

El Gouna
The Sinai Peninsula and the Red Sea

The elite holiday resort of El Gouna, also known as the 'Venice of the Red Sea', is 25 miles (40km) north of Hurghada International Airport and is nestled between the mountains and the shores of the Red Sea. The resort stretches along six miles (10km) of coastline and spreads onto several small nearby islands.

Linked by lagoons, this luxurious resort has an air of fantasy about it. El Gouna is not only an exquisite holiday resort but also a residential area with a vast range of villas, designed by world-renowned architects, all boasting breath-taking views of the sea and the surrounding mountains. Its infrastructure caters to an active, yet relaxed and friendly lifestyle.

Nightlife in El Gouna

Holidaymakers will find that El Gouna's nightlife is pulsing with variety and entertainment. The two main hubs of Kafr el Gouna and Abu Tig Marina offer the trendiest bars, alongside cosy pubs, billiard bars, beach bars, karaoke cafes, and the infamous open-air disco. There are often live concerts and social events, including Barbeque Beach parties.

Shopping in El Gouna

Shoppers can pick up a wide variety of items in El Gouna, ranging from typical Egyptian souvenirs, antiques and art to exotic oriental furniture and hand-made Turkish lamps. There is also a selection of chic shops for clothing and furniture. Along the marina boardwalk there are international brands and boutiques offering a taste of Europe.

Things to do in El Gouna

For scuba divers on holiday, El Gouna boasts some of the best reefs, walls and wrecks in the Red Sea. It is also the perfect place to snorkel, with its sandy shallow beaches and the scattered coral heads hosting some exquisite marine life. In addition, there is sailing, water-skiing, kitesurfing, canoeing, banana rides, catamarans, pedal boats, horse riding and go-karting, as well as a USPGA-standard 18-hole golf course. Hotels also organise daytrips into the desert, quad bike adventures and archaeological sightseeing in the surrounding area.

Things to be aware of in El Gouna

The beach is far from the resort and can only be reached by a bus ride or a ferry trip across the lagoon. Luckily these transport services run very regularly.

Dining in El Gouna

El Gouna has two prominent tourist districts, namely Kafr El Gouna and Abu Tig Marina, as well as many prominent hotel chains, all offering a wide variety of some of the world's finest cuisines, from Indian to Thai, French, Belgian, Chinese, German, Italian and much more. Not all local restaurants serve alcohol, but the food is excellent. El Gouna offers everything from relaxed marina-side bistros, seafood buffets and poolside eateries to five-star restaurants.

Taba Heights
The Sinai Peninsula and the Red Sea

Surrounded by picturesque crimson mountains and azure seas lies the exotic holiday resort of Taba Heights. Ideally situated in one the most breathtaking spots on the Sinai Peninsula, on the border of Israel and Egypt, it is fast becoming one of the most sought-after destinations on the Red Sea Riviera and a much loved holiday spot.

Taba Heights offers a relaxed yet luxurious retreat thanks to its simple yet characteristic Bedouin camps boasting remarkable views of the sea and surrounding mountains, as well as clear views of Saudi Arabia and Jordan. Taba Heights is truly the perfect destination for a lazy beachside holiday.

Nightlife in Taba Heights

Taba Heights does not offer diverse nightlife venues but it does have a 24-hour casino as well as nightly entertainment programmes featuring local talent.

Shopping in Taba Heights

Though there are a few shops worth visiting for gifts, and it is easy to find snorkelling and beach equipment, Taba Heights doesn't offer much of an overall shopping experience for holidaymakers.

Things to do in Taba Heights

It's uncommon to find a golf course that offers a view of three different countries (especially in the desert), but Taba Heights Golf Resort does just that. The marina also offers boat trips across the Gulf to neighbouring Jordan and Israel. Watersports include windsurfing, water-skiing, wakeboarding, parasailing, canoeing and sailing, and the Gulf's extravagant and beautiful marine life provides wonderful opportunities for diving and snorkeling, as well as glass-bottom boat trips.

Things to be aware of in Taba Heights

The beach is quite stony and it is recommended that visitors take beach shoes and dive shoes for the coral reefs in the sea. Some of the hotel shops sell them, but they tend to be overpriced.

Dining in Taba Heights

Taba offers a fairly wide variety of cuisine for visitors to enjoy, ranging from Tuscan to all sorts of Asian, with many a seafood restaurant gracing the area's selection of hotels. There are also pubs and grills.

Hurghada
The Sinai Peninsula and the Red Sea

Hurghada, known locally as Ghardaga, has grown from a small fishing village to an internationally renowned holiday resort town on the Red Sea coast of Egypt, famous for its underwater life and diving and snorkelling opportunities. Popular as a European package holiday destination, the town of Hurghada boasts first-class hotels and all-inclusive resorts, as well as a highly vaunted nightlife.

South of the town is the resort strip with hotels packed along a 12-mile (20km) stretch of beach, while within the town there are many bars, restaurants, shops and a variety of accommodation to suit all types of budget. The town's central location on Egypt's coast provides a gateway to prime diving sites throughout the Red Sea.

Nightlife in Hurghada

With its growing reputation as a holiday party town 'par excellence', Hurghada hosts a lively nightlife with numerous clubs, discos, pubs and trendy lounges, and a variety of entertainment that includes beach barbeques, karaoke evenings and foam parties. Popular places include Papas Beach Club and Calypso, while Alf Leila Wa Leila is famous for belly dancing and Arabic folklore.

Shopping in Hurghada

El Dahar, the old part of Hurghada town, has a traditional Egyptian bazaar with a variety of shops selling tourist souvenirs and holidaymakers can splurge to their hearts' content. Bargaining is expected and prices will generally be better than in the resort village shops. The best buys are papyrus scrolls or traditional 'shisha pipes'.

Things to do in Hurghada

The holiday resort of Hurghada is renowned for its variety of watersports, including sailing, fishing, kitesurfing and windsurfing. Offshore underwater gardens and coral reefs make this an internationally recognised location among divers and snorkelers, and for the less active many hotels offer glass-bottomed boat excursions to admire the corals and marine life. Hotels and resorts also offer water activities such as banana rides, pedal boats and canoeing, as well as trips to the Giftun Island Marine Park. On land there are beautiful beaches, golf courses, horse riding, and desert excursions, which include camel rides, hiking, and 4x4 or quad safaris.

Things to be aware of in Hurghada

The beach in Hurghada is made of dark red grainy sand interspersed with rocks and boulders; sandals should be worn. Although the resort is considered safe there are areas of the Sinai region that have become dangerous for foreigners, so visitors are advised to be careful on excursions into the desert.

Dining in Hurghada

Hurghada has a variety of restaurants for those on holiday to enjoy, serving food from around the world including Indian, French, Thai, Mexican and Japanese. El Dahar (downtown) offers a wide choice of authentic Egyptian eateries, including street stalls and inexpensive restaurants. Fast food chains such as KFC, Pizza Hut and McDonalds are also available. Most local places don't serve alcohol. Hotels all have their own restaurants, which serve up a variety of local and international cuisine.

Overview of the Attractions in Egypt

Visitors have come for years from far and wide to experience Egypt's world-famous attractions for themselves.

Cairo, the capital, houses the market place Khan el-Khalili, the Egyptian Museum, and the necropolis at the City of the Dead. Just outside stand the iconic pyramids of Giza, and the Sphinx. To the north sits the port city of Alexandria. Founded by Alexander the Great, the city is home to the Pharaohs Lighthouse, one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. The city is at the estuary of the Nile. One of the best ways to experience Egypt is a boat cruise down this mighty river.

On the banks of the river lies Luxor. Built on the ancient site of Thebes, Luxor is home to the Valley of Kings and the tombs of Tutankhamun and Ramses II. Further south Lake Nasser offers peace and quiet, and visitors can take a multi-day cruise from Aswan to Abu Simbel, the site of the great temple of Ramses II.

The Red Sea is world-renowned for its scuba diving. Holidaymakers flock to resorts such as Hurghada for the warm waters and abundance of ocean life. In stark contrast are the plains of the Sahara. Egypt plays host to a corner of this arid landscape, featuring the rocks of the White Desert, and the palms and olive trees of the Siwa Oasis. If you've ever dreamt of being an explorer, the ancient world awaits.

Khan al-Khalili
Cairo

Buzzing with enthusiastic buying and selling, Khan al-Khalili is one of the largest markets in the world. Situated within Islamic Cairo, the World Heritage Site attracts travellers and locals alike. On the northern corner of the bazaar is the Mosque of Sayyidna al-Hussein, one of the holiest Islamic sites in Egypt. The market is the best place to soak up the colour of Cairo and to people-watch and the streets themselves are charming with arches, carvings and mosaics. You will get many amazing photo opportunities wandering the labyrinthine little streets, just be sure not to get lost!

Traders have been bargaining in these alleys since the 14th century and it is possible to buy almost anything, from exotic perfume bottles to everyday Arabic clothing. There is, of course, a lot of junk as well but treasures and great bargains can be found. Be prepared to barter as the prices originally stated will always be much too high and the merchants expect you to negotiate. Although some of the traders are delightful others can get pushy and rude. Unfortunately, women travelling alone will almost certainly have to put up with a certain amount of harassment. No matter how many times you visit this vibrant market you will always find something new and enchanting, just keep a careful eye on your wallet.

map of Khan al-Khalili

Egyptian Museum of Antiquities
Cairo

With over 100,000 artefacts in 107 halls, the Egyptian Museum provides days of exploration. Inside are treasures from ancient Egypt, including priceless finery taken from ancient royal tombs, and one of the museum's masterpieces, the statue of Khafre (Chephren). The most popular attraction is the Tutankhamun Gallery where exquisite treasures from the tomb of the iconic Boy King are displayed, including the famous solid gold death mask. Another top attraction is the Royal Mummy Room containing mummies of some of the most powerful Pharaohs in Egypt dating from the 18th to 20th dynasties (there is an additional cost for this room). The museum also contains collections of artefacts including coins, papyrus scrolls, scarabs and sarcophagi. There is a cafeteria, bank, post office, gift shop and library at the museum and taped audio guides are available in English, French and Arabic. Visitors should be aware that photography is not allowed.

Although a trip to Egypt would feel incomplete without a visit to this incredible museum, its location on Tahrir Square means that foreigners must be cautious visiting during periods of unrest. If there are demonstrations on the square it is best to avoid the area.

map of Egyptian Museum of Antiquities

Website: momaa.org/directory/museum-of-egyptian-antiquities/

Pyramids of Giza
Cairo

The pyramids are the earth's oldest tourist attraction and the Great Pyramid of Khufu (also referred to as the Great Pyramid of Cheops) is the only remainder of the seven ancient wonders of the world. Throughout history the pyramids have fired human imagination, with much speculation as to their origin and purpose. The most compelling theory is that they were built by the ancient Egyptian civilisation as tombs or great monuments in which to bury their kings and nobles; a place to start their mystic journey to the afterlife.

The oldest and largest pyramid, the Great Pyramid, is thought to have taken 20 years to build and is made of about two million blocks of limestone. No one knows how the two-ton blocks were moved into place, but it was known to be the tallest man-made structure in the world for over 40 centuries. The Great Sphinx, known as the Abu al-Hol (Father of Terror), stands in front of the Great Pyramid and is thought to be older than the pyramids themselves.

Tours of the pyramids are conducted by many tour operators in Giza. Access to the interior of the pyramids is restricted, and at least one is closed for renovations at any given period. While climbing the pyramids was once a popular activity, the practise has now been banned. The best time to visit the Pyramids of Giza is early in the morning, before the tour buses descend on them. While unofficial 'tour guides' lurk around the site to demand tips, better-informed guides can be booked in advance from Giza. It is often best to ask your hotel's advice on guides.

map of Pyramids of Giza

Old Cairo
Cairo

Once known as the Roman stronghold of Babylon, Coptic Cairo is the oldest part of the city and the heart of the Coptic Christian community. Home to 5 original churches alongside Egypts first mosque and oldest synagogue, these ancient walls house three of the major religions of the modern world in one special area. It is a peaceful place to wander around and a respite from the busy city centre.

Churches of interest are the Al-Muallaqa (Hanging Church), the oldest Christian place of worship in the city, and St Sergius where the Holy Family reputedly sheltered during their flight to Egypt. You can take the metro into Coptic Cairo from Tahrir Square. It is useful to have a guide when exploring the area as there is so much history to discover and so much to see. However, visitors who chose to explore alone will feel the power and age of the place and should still be able to find all the major attractions.

map of Old Cairo

Western Desert Oases
Cairo

From Cairo it is possible to experience Egypt's finest journey on offer, the Great Desert Circuit. It runs for over 621 miles (1,000km) through spectacular desert landscapes and is punctuated by four oases situated in a depression: Bahariya, Farafra, Dakhla and Kharga. The first two have hot springs and palm groves, Farafra being the more traditional and rural of the two.

To experience the remoteness of the desert travellers can spend an unforgettable night in the White Desert between oases. Dakhla and Kharga are surrounded by old ruins and villages from the times of the ancient caravan routes to Sudan. The Great Desert Circuit is a fascinating journey and really allows travellers to grasp the enormity of the Egyptian desert and appreciate the history of exploration in the region. The roads are in good condition, with hardly any traffic on them, and the whole circuit can be done in anything between 16 hours and a week (you can linger as you please). Some of the oasis towns are lovely places to spend a night before setting off on your road trip again.

map of Western Desert Oases

Temple of Karnak
The Nile Valley

The main place of worship in Theban times, and built over a period of 1,300 years, the massive Temple of Karnak in Luxor is an incredibly impressive structure. It was known as Ipet-isut, the most select of places, to the ancient Egyptians and it is one of the largest religious buildings ever erected. One of the world's great architectural achievements, the Hypostyle Hall, is filled with immense stone pillars still bearing the engraved and painted inscriptions from the 12th Dynasty, and covers an area of 64,583 square feet (6,000 sq metres). The complex also contains the Avenue of the Sphinxes, the Sacred Lake, and many huge statues, halls, ornate wall murals, obelisks and colonnades.

One of the lesser known attractions of this vast temple complex is the small Temple of Ptah, hidden on the northeastern boundary. It is very special because the room is intact - giving a realistic sense of what the dark temple interior would have felt like in ancient times - and a statue of Sekhmet remains in place, lit up by natural light. The Temple of Karnak can be a bit overwhelming without a guide, or at least a good guide book, so be sure to either hire someone or do your research to fully appreciate the wonders of the place.

map of Temple of Karnak

West Bank
The Nile Valley

The West Bank is an area of limestone hills and valleys riddled with tombs and temples across the river from Luxor. Goats roam freely among the ruins, and the tiny settlements on the slopes provide a splash of colour in an otherwise desert-like barrenness. The 59 foot (18m) high pair of enthroned statues of the Colossi of Memnon are the first things most visitors will see on the West Bank. These are the only remaining structures of the mortuary temple of Amenophis III.

Most travellers come to visit the Valley of the Kings, where the secretive tombs of the Pharaohs were built to immortalise their mummies and treasures for eternity. In an attempt to thwart tomb robbers, traps and deceptions were part of the architectural planning. Dramatic descents, spectacular murals on the passage and chamber walls and a replica of the original sarcophagus at the end of the tunnel create an awe-inspiring atmosphere. There are a number of areas and tombs to explore and highlights include the tombs of Tutankhamun and Ramses II. However, the country's finest tomb, the Tomb of Nefertari, lies in the Valley of the Queens, which has exceptional painted murals. Nefertari's tomb is open to the public after a restoration project. However, only small groups are admitted at a time, and each visitor must pay 1000 Egyptian Pounds (about $56). Also worth a visit is Hatshepsut's Temple, the mortuary temple of Egypt's only female Pharaoh.

map of West Bank

Nubia Museum
The Nile Valley

The Nubia Museum in Aswan is an excellent introduction to the history and culture of the Nubians. It contains a collection of artefacts from Nubia (the region approximately between Aswan and Khartoum in Sudan) and an exhibition of Nubian culture and crafts. It also portrays the history and people of the Nile Valley from ancient times until the present, and has a hall full of impressive statues and tombstones from the region.

One of the most interesting exhibits is that covering the project of UNESCO to move monuments like Abu Simbel, endangered by the High Dam on Lake Nasser, to higher ground. Visitors can get an idea of what the area looked like before the floods and how much effort was put into preserving this endangered ancient culture. At the Nubia Museum you can see weaponry, pottery, jewellery, statues and the ever-popular mummies. The exhibits are well organised and laid out and have good English labels. The museum is well air-conditioned, making it a popular retreat from the heat of the day. It is also open until late, providing a good option for an evening of culture.

map of Nubia Museum

Abu Simbel
The Nile Valley

The two temples of Abu Simbel - the Temple of Ramses II and the Temple of Hathor (the Sun God), dedicated to his wife Nefertari - were cut out of the sandstone cliffs more than 3,000 years ago. Not only are these ancient temples among the most magnificent in the world, but their removal and reconstruction are recorded as an impressive engineering feat. The temples were relocated, very successfully, during the construction of the High Dam on Lake Nasser in the 1960s. The monuments were threatened with submersion, and after an appeal by UNESCO, in co-operation with the Egyptian Government, they were dismantled and reassembled exactly as before, about 197 feet (60m) higher up.

The intimidating sight that first greets the visitor at Abu Simbel is that of the four colossal statues guarding the entrance to the Grand Hall of the Temple of Ramses. The interior is highly decorated with relief paintings and is supported by eight statues of Ramses acting as giant pillars. Leading off the hall are painted sanctuaries and chambers. The Temple of Hathor is smaller and simpler, also with statues guarding the entrance and a manifestation of the Sun God portrayed above. It is aligned in such a way that the sun's rays reach inside to illuminate the statues of Amun-Re, Ramses II, and Re-Horakhty twice a year. The statue of Ptah, a god of the underworld, remains in shadow. The temples are considered to be the grandest and most spectacular monuments built during the reign of Ramses II.

map of Abu Simbel

Coptic Church of St George (Mari Girgis)
Cairo

The only round, or domed, church left in Cairo, the Greek Church of St George features a long set of steps that lead up to the church, where visitors will find a relief of St George and the dragon wrapped around the outer brickwork of the tower. The original church dated back to the 10th century, or earlier, but this ancient structure largely burned down and the current church replaced it in 1904. For centuries, the church alternated between Coptic and Greek ownership, but since the 15th century it has remained Greek Orthodox, and the adjoining monastery of St George is now the seat of the Greek patriarch. Despite this, the Moulid of Mari Girgis, a large Coptic festival celebrating St George, is celebrated at the church each April.

The St George Church is most famous for its beautiful wedding hall ( Qaat el Irsan), which dates back to the 14th century. St George was a warrior saint imprisoned and martyred near the church, which is built on an ancient Roman tower. Sadly, this wonderful building is often not included in tours of Coptic Cairo but it is well worth the visit and very easy to find. The church and monastery are visible from Mari Girgis Station.

map of Coptic Church of St George (Mari Girgis)

Hanging Church
Cairo

The Hanging Church in Cairo derives its name from its location on top of the southern tower gate of the old Babylon fortress, with its nave suspended over a passage. It is the most famous Coptic church in Cairo with the earliest mention of the church being a statement in the biography of the patriarch Joseph, who lived in the mid-19th century. It went on to become known to travellers as the 'staircase church' during the 14th and 15th centuries, because of the twenty-nine steps that lead to the entrance.

The visual impact of the church's elevated position has been reduced due to the rise of land surface by around 20 feet (six metres) since the Roman period, not to mention the rise of tall buildings around it, but it is still an impressive and beautiful church. The Roman tower upon which it is built remains mostly buried below ground. It is calm and peaceful inside and visitors are not pestered here as they may be at many other Cairo attractions. Among the highlights of the church are the intricate carvings and mosaics which decorate the walls, windows and doors.

map of Hanging Church

Asfour Crystal Factory
Cairo

The Egyptians were the first people to develop the art technology to manufacture glass and cut it into beautiful shapes. This ancient civilisation started making crystals 5,000 years ago. Asfour Crystal was established in 1961 and the Asfour Crystal Factory Showroom is one of the largest and most respected crystal factories in Egypt and provides crystals to many countries across the globe. They are said to be the world's single largest employer of skilled crystal workers. Products range from jewellery to 3D laser gifts, figurines and a selection of chandeliers and other light fittings. The jewellery is not quite of the same standard as Swarovski crystal but some lovely pieces can be picked up at the factory at prices up to 60 percent cheaper than what you'll find at retail shops, and there are some beautiful, creative pieces on show. Asfour Crystal is most famous for their crystal chandeliers and there is a vast array to choose from. The hundreds of shining lights and glittering crystals in the showroom make it a magical space, worth seeing even if you don't purchase anything. There is also a small display detailing the manufacturing process, and helpful and knowledgeable sales staff available to help. A tax certificate is given with all purchases.

Address: Industrial Zone: 5 Asfour Crystal, St. Shoubra Al Kheima.

Telephone: (0)2 4220 1032

Website: http://www.asfourcrystal.com

Saladin Citadel (Al-Qalaa)
Cairo

The Saladin Citadel is a massive stone fortress, set in a beautiful tropical location, built by Salah ad-Din in the 12th century. Visitors have the freedom to roam the castle, which remains in pristine condition, and which boasts incredible views of Cairo. If you are lucky enough to visit on a clear day you will be able to see all the way to the pyramids. The execution room is particularly interesting but just wandering around this ancient citadel is fascinating. The Mohammed Ali Mosque (also called the Alabaster Mosque) crowns the citadel and this magnificent place of worship is the highlight of the fortress. It was built between 1824 and 1857 and modelled on the famous Blue Mosque in Istanbul. There are two other mosques within the Citadel: the 13th-century Mosque of al-Nasir Muhammad, and the 16th-century Mosque of Suleyman Pasha. As always, women visiting the mosques must wear loose clothing and be prepared to cover up (there are scarves available at the entrance for this purpose if you do not bring your own). The Al-Gawhara Palace, National Military Museum and Police Museum can also be found inside the Citadel.

map of Saladin Citadel (Al-Qalaa)

Ramses II Statue
Cairo

Discovered in 1882 during excavations, the giant statue of Pharaoh Ramses II was cut into six pieces in the 1950s and moved to Ramses Square in central Cairo where it stood for a further 50 years. In 2006 the statue moved to a new, temporary museum a few miles outside of Cairo, as there were growing concerns that heavy pollution was damaging the 3,200-year-old statue, which weighs 83 ton and stands 36 feet (11 metres) high. The moving of the massive statue was a technological challenge and has been covered in a documentary by National Geographic.

Ramses II, who ruled Egypt for more than 60 years during the 19th dynasty of pharaohs, was one of ancient Egypt's most prolific builders and there are a number of statues of him remaining in Egypt. However, none are as impressive as the colossus. All in all, the statue is beautifully preserved although one side is discernibly less perfect as it was exposed to the elements for centuries before its re-discovery in 1882. The expression on his face is serene and quite enthralling.

The famous statue was moved for the final time in January 2018. It now takes pride of place in the entrance hall of the Grand Egyptian Museum. This 650,000-square-foot museum is currently under construction and will have capacity for up to 100,000 artefacts upon completion in 2020.

The Pharaonic Village
Cairo

Opening time: 9am to 5pm daily. Open until 7pm in the peak summer months.

Admission: Fees vary on itinerary selected.

This living museum is a fabulous attraction for the whole family to enjoy. Visitors sail down a network of canals in motorized barges where a cast of actors and actresses work to recreate ancient Egypt. All the characters from pharaohs and fishermen to slaves and potters are represented and even moments in history are recreated. Apart from the faithful reproductions of ancient Egyptian buildings, clothing and lifestyles, there is a complete replica of the tomb of Tutankhamen and a number of museums and interactive exhibits covering different periods of Egypt's history.

Exhibits and activities change regularly making it a different experience every time you visit, but favourites include the mummification exhibit and the Cleopatra exhibit. There is a small amusement park, a restaurant, shops and an art centre, as well as boat hiring facilities. The experience is fun and educational and will take a family at least a few hours to fully appreciate so be sure to allow sufficient time.

Address: 3 El Bahr El Aazam St, Cairo.

Telephone: (0)2 3571 8675

Website: http://www.pharaonicvillage.com

Magic Galaxy
Cairo

This indoor amusement park spans two floors and features a handful of big rides, more than 100 games, and even a Baby Zone section for very young visitors. Kids can enjoy rides such as the Moon Buggy or Falling Star, and family rides like the Comet Coaster and Demolition Derby. They can spend hours ensconced in games and fun activities, or even let off some steam in the Soft Play Room. This is a fantastic attraction for the whole family, and a great way to beat the Egyptian heat for a while, or take a break from historical sightseeing. The focus of the amusement park is on children aged between two and 12 but there is fun to be had for all age groups.

Upon entry you will get a Magic Galaxy Card which is prepaid for use of games and rides and can be recharged with fresh funds whenever needed. The cards also accumulate points from certain games and you can pick prizes according to how well you have done. If you happen to go on your birthday you'll get a whole bunch of nifty discounts.

Address: 4th & 5th floor Helioplis City Stars Centre, Omar abn El khatab Street

Telephone: (0)2 230 545 75

Website: http://www.magicgalaxy.net

Dream Park
Cairo

Opening time: 10am until at least 7pm.

Admission: Fees vary depending on ticket type.

A trip to Dream Park is a must for children of all ages and makes a great day out for the whole family. Featuring rides, shops, fun activities and simulators, the 160-acre Dream Park is also encircled by a train, making access easy. Visitors can enjoy a number of stomach-turning adventure rides, or a selection of mellow family rides, as well as two theatres and one of the largest concert areas in Cairo. Numerous restaurants provide refuelling stops, and there is a selection of gift shops for souvenirs. The Dream Park claims to be the largest and most unique amusement park in the Middle East and can host up to 30,000 visitors. It was designed by the same people who designed Universal Studios.

Address: Oasis Road, Cairo.

Telephone: (0)2 3855 3191

Website: http://www.dreamparkegypt.com

Memphis and Saqqara
Cairo

Memphis and Saqqara are small towns today, but in ancient Egypt they were great cities and seats of power, a legacy still traceable in the ruins and relics in each. Memphis is home to the Temple of Ptah, which includes the Colossus of Ramses II, a 33-foot (10m) statue near the entrance, and a small museum. Memphis was once the capital of Egypt and you can still tell how impressive it once was.

Less than two miles (3km) away is the plateau of Saqqara. Here visitors will find the vast Saqqara Necropolis, containing many cemeteries, pyramids, mastabas and private tombs, including the Mastaba of Ti, the Pyramid of Teti I, and the Unas Causeway and Pyramid of Unas. One of the most famous structures in Saqqara is the Step Pyramid of Djoser, also known as the Step Tomb due to its rectangular base. Saqqara is also home to the Imhotep Museum.

Memphis and Saqqara together make a popular excursion from Cairo. There isn't much in the way of entertainment, dining, or accommodation at these sites, however, so most visitors don't overnight.

map of Memphis and Saqqara

Dahshur
Cairo

One of the most worthwhile things to see and do in the Cairo area is take an excursion to Dahshur, a royal necropolis in the desert, where the oldest true pyramid, the Red Pyramid, can be found. Some of the burial sites and pyramids date back to the Old Kingdom of the 4th dynasty and the Red Pyramid and the Bent Pyramid were built by Sneferu in about 2600 BC. The Bent Pyramid is so-called because the angle of its sides is not quite straight, probably the result of an ancient engineering mistake. The Red Pyramid, made out of red limestone, was built after the Bent Pyramid and is thought to have been the first true, straight-sided pyramid in Egypt. The famous Pyramids of Giza were modelled on this design. You can usually climb into the Red Pyramid and descend down a tunnelled ramp into its three interior chambers which is a rare privilege. There are other tombs of interest scattered around the area and you can't walk far without stumbling on some wondrous ancient ruin.

Dahshur is about 20 miles (32km) from Cairo and makes for a fascinating excursion from the city. The drive takes under an hour and follows a scenic route which passes through date orchards. Dahshur is far less crowded than most other big tourist attractions and visitors experience far less of the hassle from locals and touts that they do at Giza. At this site you can still get the thrill of an explorer discovering something mysterious and ancient.

However, the empty nature of this famous archaeological site is partly due to occasional sectarian violence in the nearby town of Dahshur, so travellers are advised to check out travel alerts to gauge how safe it is before they visit.

map of Dahshur

Diving

The Egyptian Red Sea offers some of the world's best scuba diving, with superb visibility, countless varieties of hard and soft coral, and incredibly diverse underwater topography. The coastline boasts some spectacular wall and shipwreck dive destinations. The Red Sea has abundant and diverse fish life including various types of grouper, stingray, parrotfish, angelfish, butterfly fish and turtles. The comfortable water temperature (64 to 79°F/18 to 26°C) means that diving is popular year-round. However, visitors should note that outside temperatures can reach 104°F (40°C) in July and August, which is anything but comfortable for some, even on a beach holiday.

The Red Sea resorts of Sharm el-Sheikh and Dahab are popular bases for divers. Situated near the southern tip of Egypt's Sinai Peninsula, they offer easy access to some of the best dive locations, including Ras Mohammed National Park and the Straits of Tiran. Other resorts popular with divers and snorkellers are Hurghada, El Gouna, Taba Heights and Makadi Bay. Although the Sinai region has become dangerous for tourists, the main resorts are still safe. Travellers are advised to be very cautious when travelling outside of these resort areas.

Nile Cruise

There is no better way to discover Egypt than aboard a Nile cruise, as nearly all the country's major attractions are situated along the river. Cruises take visitors past ancient Egyptian sites such as the Temple of Karnak, the main place of worship in Theban times, and the West Bank's Valley of the Kings, home to the Tomb of Tutankhamun and Ramses II, Colossi of Memnon and Hatshepsut's Temple. A Nile cruise is a truly unique and luxurious way to discover and explore the land of the Pharaohs.

On-board most cruise liners, guests will find fantastic amenities in the way of opulent cabins, banqueting halls, lounge bars and swimming pools. Exquisite food and outstanding service come standard on these river vessels, reminiscent of 'moving hotels', and visitors will find it easy to sit back and enjoy this unique sightseeing experience.

Most voyages are between Aswan and Luxor, where disembarking passengers can explore local markets, visit the papyrus museum and traditional perfume shops of Luxor, or dine on the exotic cuisine of Egyptian restaurants. There are also opportunities to witness the rural Egyptian lifestyle while the boat is moving between tourist destinations.

There are various Nile cruise operators offering top-class trips through Upper Egypt, as well as package deals including flights, hotel accommodation, guided tours and, of course, the cruise. A smaller sailboat, known as a Felucca, is a cheaper option for cruising the Nile River. The best time to cruise is from October to May when the weather is a bit cooler.

Public Holidays in Egypt

  2020 2021
Coptic Easter Sunday Sat. April 19 Fri. May 2
Revolution Day Sat. January 25 Sat. January 25
Coptic Christmas Day Tue. January 7 Tue. January 7
Shem El Nessim (Spring Festival) Sun. April 20 Sat. May 3
Sinai Liberation Day Fri. April 25 Fri. April 25
Labour Day Thu. May 1 Thu. May 1
Eid al-Fitr (end of Ramadan) Sat. May 24 to Sun. May 25 Tue. May 13 to Wed. May 14
Armed Forces Day Mon. October 6 Mon. October 6
Eid al-Adha (Feast of the Sacrifice) Thu. July 31 to Fri. August 1 Sun. July 20 to Mon. July 21
Islamic New Year Wed. August 20 Sat. August 9
Birth of the Prophet Wed. October 29 Sat. October 18
July 23 Revolution Day Wed. July 23 Wed. July 23

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